9- 2	Metalibrarianship A Model For Intellectual Foundations of Library Information Science Copyright 1993 by J. Z. Nitecki Volume 1 of The Nitecki Trilogy. Also available as ERIC ED363 346.

Table of Contents

Chapter Summaries

List of Tables and Diagrams

Appendixes

Chapters: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Models Appx Refs

Part I: IN SEARCH OF A DISCIPLINE: Toward a Science of Library Information (LIS) Provides a topography for the essay by focusing on the emergence of librarianship as a social institution.	1-1
< a href="Ch-05.html">Part II: DEFINING LIBRARY REALITY: Philosophical Inquiry Describes the philosophical interpetation of librarianship.	3-1
Part III: METALIBRARIANSHIP Presents a model of metalibrary system	10-1

APPENDIXES: 1. Major contributions to the philosophy of librarianship. 2 . Cited References

11-8 Helical Representation of the Contextual Phase in Communication ( The Need - Fulfilment Relations ]

Author's Acknowledgements

Part I: IN SEARCH OF A DISCIPLINE: Toward a Science of Library Information (LIS). The first part of the book provides a topog raphy for the essay, by focusing on the emergence of librarianship as a social institution.

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Prologue
1.2 The Heritage: An Old Profession
1.3 Assumptions
1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 Focus of the Argument
1.4.2 Tentative Hypothesis

1.5 Emerging Philosophy
1.6 Arrangements of the Content
- Notes

2.1 Philosophical interpretation of Library History

2.1.1. Descriptive Approach
2.1.2 Prescriptive Approach
2.1.3 Analytical Approach

2.2 Historical Perspectives
2.3 The Beginnings: c. 500,000 (?)--3000 BC
2.4 River Valley Civilization: 3000 BC--1750 BC

2.4.1 Historical Overview
2.4.2 Library-related Implicati ons

2.5 Oriental Civilizations: 1750 BC--323 BC

2.5.1 Historical Overview
2.5.2 Library-related Implications

2.6 Classical Civilization: 900 BC--AD 900

2.6.1 Greek City-States: 900 BC--336 BC

2.6.1.1. Historical Overview
2.6.1.2 Library-related Implications

2.6.2 Roman Civilization: 753 BC--AD 410

2.6.2.1 Historical Overview
2.6.2.2 Library-related Implications

2.6.3 Byzantine Civilization: 410 BC--AD 1453

2.6.3.1 Historical Overview
2.6.3.2 Library-related Implications

2.7 Transitional period: AD 410 AD--AD 900

2.7.1 Historical Overview
2.7.2 Library-related Implications

2.8 Middle Ages: AD 900--AD 1500

2.8.1 Historical Overview
2.8.2 Library-related Implications

2.9 Modern World: AD 1500 --

2.9.1 Historical Overview
2.9.2 Library-related Implications

2.9.2.1 Renaissance: 1400--1600
2.9.2.2 The Seventeenth Century
2.9.2.3 The Eighteenth Century
2.9.2.4 The Nineteenth Century
2.9.2.5 The Twentieth Century

2.10 Conclusion
- Notes

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Major Concepts in Librarianship
3.1.2 Four Faces of Librarianship
3.2 The Library

3.2.1 Changing Library Image
3.2.2 Evolving Library Objectives

3.3 Library Science

3.3.1 Its Orig ins
3.3.2 Its Scientific Character
3.3.3 Bibliographic Aspects of Library Science
3.3.4 Classification and Cataloging
3.4 Librarianship

3.4.1 Gradual Development
3.4.2 Major Changes in Library Functions
3.4.3 Different Views of Librarianship
3.4.4 Ethics of the Profession
3.4.5 Reading

3.5 Information Science

a. On information
b. On Information Science

3.6 Changing Paradigms of the Discipline

3.6.1 Sociological Aspects: Society and Its Expectations
3.6.2 Philosophical Aspects: Information Environ- ment and Its Nature
3.6.3 Technological Aspects: Inventions and Their Adaptations

3.7 Prophesies of Change
3.8 Criticism of the Discipline
3.8 Summary and Conclusions
- Notes

4.1 Definitional Confusion

4.1.1 Lack of Consensus
4.1.2 Variations in Self-perception
4.1.3 Hypothetical Opposites

4.2 Divergences in Defining 'Definitions.'

4.2.1 Prescr iptive Definitions
4.2.2 Linguistic Definitions
4.2.3 Essentialistic Definitions

4.3 Schrader's Linguistic Analysis

4.3.1 Library Science (LS)
4.3.2 Information Science (IS)
4.3.3 Library and Information Science (L&IS)

4.4 Applications of Different Approaches
4.5 Conceptual Unity
4.6 Common Denominators

4.6.1 Commo n Subject Matter

4.6.1.1 Structure of Information Resources

a. Resources
b. Bibliographic Organization
c. Access

4.6.1.2 Purposes of Information Agencies

a. Informative End-objectives
b. Educational End-objectoves
c. Cultural End- objectives

4.6.1.3 Functions of Information Agents

a. Managerial Coordination
b. Interpretation of Resources
c. Mediation between Demands for and Supplies of Resources and Services

4.6.2 Informational Environment

a. Intellectual Environment b. Political Environment
c. Technical Environment

4.6.3 Role in a Society

a. Psychological Evaluation
b. Sociological Evaluation
c. Philosophical Evaluation

4.7 Summary
- Notes

PART II: DEFINING LIBRARY REALITY: Philosophical Inquiry

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Philosophical Overview
5.1.2 Major Philosophical Questions
5.2 What is Philosophy?
5.3 Evolution of Philosophical Interpretations of Ultimate Reality

5.3.1 Antiquity: Setting the stage: Indian, Chinese, and Other Philosophical Teach- ings (ca. 80 0 BC--600 BC)
5.3.2 Classical Age: Laying the foundations: 600BC--AD 400
5.3.3 Age of Belief: Medieval speculations: AD 400-1400
5.3.4 Age of Adventure: Philosophy of Renais- sance: 1400-1500 AD
5.3.5 Age of Reason: Modern Philosophy: 17th c.
5.3.6 Age of Enlightenment: Philosophy of Natu- ra l Sciences: 18th c.
5.3.7 Age of Ideology: Ideological and Cultural Reconstruction: 19th c.
5.3.8 Age of Analysis: Entering Uncharted Philosophical Territory: 20th c.
5.4 What is Reality?
5.5 Major World Views

5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Empirical Viewpoint: Philosophy of Objective Reality
5.5.3 Rational Viewpoint: Philosophy of Logical Reality of Ideas
5.5.4 Cultural Viewpoint: Subjective Philosophy of an Individual and his Society
- Notes

6.0 What is Philosophy of Librarianship?

6.1 Environment for the Philosophy of Librarianship

6.1.l Scope of the Philosophy of Librarianship
6.1.2 The Need for a Philosophical Approach
6.1.3 The Value of Philosophy to Librarianship
6.2 Major Components in the Definitions of the Philosophy of Librarianship

6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Evolving Objectives of the Library Philosophy
6.2.3 Epistemological, Ethical and Metaphysical Questions

6.3 Philosophers on the Philosophy of Librarianship
6.4 Critique of the Philosophical Approach to Librar- ianship
- Notes

7.0 Emerging Philosophy of Librarianship

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Reviewers of Literature in Philosophy of Librar ianship

7.2.1 Patricia Peirce, A Study of the Philosophy of Librarianship, 1930--19 50. 1951
7.2.2 Haynes McMullen, Research in Backgrounds in Librarianship, 1957
7.2.3 A.K. Mukherjee, Librarianship; Its Philosophy and History, 1966
7.2.4 Myrna Downs, The Emergence of a Philosophy of Librarianship in the United States, 1969
7.2.5 Barbara McCrimmon, American Library Philosophy, 1975
7. 2.6 Marie Foster, Philosophy of Librarianship, 1979
7.2.7 J.M. Whitehead, Logos of Library and Information Science, 1980
7.2.8 A.R. Rogers and K. McChesney, The Library in Society, 1984
7.2.9 Jesse Shera, Librarianship, Philosophy of, 1980
7.2.10 Barbara McCrimmon, Librarianship, Philosophy of, 199 3
7.2.11 Partial Reviews of Philosophy of Librarianship

- Notes

8.0 Theories about Knowledge

8.1 Theories about theory
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.1.1 Principles
8.1.1.2 Laws
8.1.1.3 Theories
8.1.1.4 Models
8.1.2 Systems
8.1.2.1 Definitions
8.1.2.2 General Systems Theory
8.1.2.3 General Systems and Librarianship

8.2 Theories in Library Information Science:: Examples
8.2.1 Bryson
8.2.2 Bennett
8.2.3 Menzel
8.3 Explanation and Understanding of Reality
8.3.1 Beagle
8.3.2 Howard
8.3.3 Hollnagel
8.4 Theories about Reality
8.4.1 Empirical Stimulus-Response Theories
8.4.2 Motivational Psycho-analytical Theories
8.4.3 Rational Cognitive Theories
8.4.4 Continuity Principle 8.4.5 Individual Interpretations of Reality
8.5 LIS Theories of Recorded Knowledge
8.5.1 Definitions:
8.5.1.1 Kemp (1976)
8.5.1.2 McGarry (1975)
8.5.1.3 Machlup (1983)
8.5.2 Models
8.5.2.1 Shera
8.5.2.2 P. Wilson 8.5.2.3 Dretske
8.5.3 Limitations in Structuring Knowl- edge
8.5.3.1 Harmon
8.5.3.2 Storer and Parsons
8.5.4 Cognitive Models

- Notes

9.0< /a> Intellectual Environment of Metalibrarianship

9.1 The Concept of Intellectual Environment (IE)
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Contemporary Anti-intellectualism
9.1.3 Definition of Intellectual Environment
9.1.4 The three-dimensionality of Information Environment
9.1.5 Significance of Intellectual Environment
9.2 Interpretation of IE i n Librarianship
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 As a Goal-setting Process (Swanson)
9.2.3 As an Interpretation of Library Mission (Khurshid)
9.3 Metalibrary Interpretation of IE
9.3.1 As an Interpretation of Reality
9.3.2 As a Thought Process
9.3.3 Metalibrary Model of IE

- Notes

10.0 The concepts of 'Information' and 'Knowledge' Revisited

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Information-Knowledge Relationships
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Contemporary Interpretation of Information -Knowledge Relationships
10.3 The Case of a Misplaced Descriptor
10.3.1 The Argument
10.3.2 Definitions
10.3.2.1 Reali ty
10.3.2.2 Data
10.3.2.3 Infoscription
10.3.2.4 Information
10.3.2.5 Chain of Increased Complexity
10.4 Model for Introscriptive Processes
10.4.1 A Triadic Approach
10.4.2 Infoscriptive Processes
10.4.3 The Components of the Model
10.4.3.1 Data 10.4.3.2 Attributes of Data: Infoscrip- tive Predicates of Reality
10.4.3.3 Interpretative Levels
10.5 Reinterpretation of Library and Information Science Definitions of the Term 'Information'
10.5.1 General Level of Interpretation
10.5.1.1 Otten
10.5.1.2 Horowitz
10.5.2 Procedural Level of Interpretation
10.5.2.1 Young
10.5.2.2 Stonier
10.5.3 Contextual Level of Interpretation
10.5.3.1 Smalley and Plum
10.5.3.2 Beagle
10.5.4 Conceptual Level of Interpretation
10.5.4.1 Wright
10.5.4.2 Fox
10.6 The Concept of Continuum
10.6.1 Patterns of Communication
10.6.2 Impact of d-i-k Processes on Librarianship

- Notes

11.0 Theory of Metalibrarianship

11.1 Theory and Metatheory
11.1.1 The Purpose of the Theory
11.1.2 Metatheory
11.1.3 Meta-Library and Information Science
11.2 Metalibrarianship
11.2.1 Methodology
11.2.2 Geometric Method: Evolution of the Concepts
11.2.3 The Triadic Concept
11.2.4 Hermeteutic Value of the Triadic Approach
11.2.5 Assumptions
11.3 Hypotheses
11.3.1 World Hypotheses
11.3.2 Metalibrary Hypotheses
11.3.3 Levels of Interpreting Library Reality
11.3.3.1 Procedural A pproach
11.3.3.2 Contextual Approach
11.3.3.3 Conceptual Approach
11.3.3.4 Limitations
11.4 The Conceptual Root-metaphor
11.4.1 Primary Root-metaphors
11.4.2 Conceptual Root-metaphor Transfer
11.4.3 The End-results
11.5 Metalibrary System
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Th e Subject Matter of Metalibrarianship
11.5.3 Internal Relationships
11.5.3.1 Constituents
11.5.3.2 Attributes
11.5.3.3 Definition of Metalibrary System
11.5.3.4 Conceptual Classification
11.5.4 Laws Governing Basic Relations
11.5.5 A Pattern of Changing Concepts
11.5.5.1 General Systems
11.5.5.2 Meaning of Concepts
11.5.5.3 Subsystems of the Model
11.5.5.4 Degrees of Dependence and Struc- ture
11.5.5.5 Change in Systems
11.5.5.6 Equilibrium
11.5.6 External Changes
11.5.6.1 Leading Elements
11.5.6.2 Principles of Change
< /ul> 11.6 Modality of Discourse in Metalibrarianship
11.6.1 A Framework
11.6.2 Objectives
11.6.3 A Discourse
11.6.4 Modes of Communication
11.6.4.1 Procedural
11.6.4.2 Contextual
11.6.4.3 Conceptual
11.6.4.4 Examples
11.6.4.5 A Recapitulation
11.7 Matrix of Relationships
11.7.1 Relationships between Primary Elements
11.7.2 Levels of Interpretation
11.7.3 Examples
- Notes

12.0 Metalibrary Implications
12.1 Philosophical Framework
12.2 Theories of Management
12.2.1 Introductory Definitions
12.3 Historical Background
12.4 Th eories of Management
12.4.1 Scientific Movement
12.4.2 Human Relations Movement
12.4.3 Systems Movement
12.4.4 Conclusion
12.5 Management of Library Resources
12.5.1 Historical Background for Library Managerial Theory
12.5.2 Theory and Practice of Librarianship
a. Relationship to Science
b. Relationship to Research
12.6 Conceptual Dimension of Metalibrary Management
12.6.1 Metalibrary Model of Management
12.6.2 Components of the System
12.6.3 Intrinsic Relations
12.6.4 Three kinds of Extrinsic Relations
12.6.5 Relationships among the Three Dimensions
12.7 Summing Up
12.7.1 Comparison between Library Information Science, Library Management and Metalibrarianship
12.7.2 Toward a Metalibrary Information Science
12.8 Appraisal of Metalibrarianship
12.8.1 Critique
12.8.2 Other comments
12.9 Epilogue - Notes

APPENDIXES

1. Major contributions to the philosophy of librarianship
2. Cited References

12-2 Management of Information Agencies